Το περιεχόμενο και οι διατροφικές συστάσεις της balantia βασίζονται σε επιστημονικά δεδομένα, διεθνώς αναγνωρισμένες διατροφικές κατευθυντήριες οδηγίες και αξιόπιστες βιβλιογραφικές πηγές.
Επιστημονικές πηγές και βιβλιογραφία:
Ainsworth, B.E., Herrmann, S.D., Jacobs, D.R., Whitt-Glover, M.C. and Tudor-Locke, C. (2024). A brief history of the Compendium of Physical Activities. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13, pp.3–5.
Ainsworth, B.E., Haskell, W.L., Herrmann, S.D., Meckes, N., Bassett Jr, D.R., Tudor-Locke, C., Greer, J.L., Vezina, J., Whitt-Glover, M.C. and Leon, A.S. (2011). 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 43(8), pp.1575–1581.
Allan, G.M., Lindblad, A.J., Comeau, A., Coppola, J., Hudson, B., Mannarino, M., McMinis, C., Padwal, R., Schelstraete, C., Zarnke, K., Garrison, S., Cotton, C., Korownyk, C., McCormack, J., Nickel, S. and Kolber, M.R. (2015). Simplified lipid guidelines: Prevention and management of cardiovascular disease in primary care. Canadian Family Physician, 61(10), pp.857–867. Available at: https://www.cfp.ca/content/61/10/857/tab-article-info (Accessed: 18 October 2022).
American College of Sports Medicine (2009). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (2013). ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 9th edn. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
American Heart Association (n.d.). Reducing total calories may be more effective for weight loss than intermittent fasting. Available at: https://newsroom.heart.org/news/reducing-total-calories-may-be-more-effective-for-weight-loss-than-intermittent-fasting
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2001). Energy-restricted diets shown to be best for improving lipid profiles. ScienceDaily. Available at: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2001/01/010123075904.htm (Accessed: 27 February 2024).
Apekey, T.A., Copeman, J., Kime, N.H., Tashani, O.A., Kittaneh, M., Walsh, D. and Maynard, M.J. (2019). Nutrient composition of popularly consumed African and Caribbean foods in the UK. Foods, 8(10), p.500. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100500
Atkinson, F.S., Brand-Miller, J.C., Foster-Powell, K., Buyken, A.E. and Goletzke, J. (2021). International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab233
Bach-Faig, A., Berry, E.M., Lairon, D., Reguant, J., Trichopoulou, A., Dernini, S., Medina, F.X., Battino, M., Belahsen, R., Miranda, G. and Serra-Majem, L. (2011). Mediterranean diet pyramid today: science and cultural updates. Public Health Nutrition, 14(12A), pp.2274–2284. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002515
Barker, D.J.P. (2004). The developmental origins of adult disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 23(sup6), pp.588S–595S. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719428
Batis, C., Aburto, T.C., Sánchez-Pimienta, T.G., Pedraza, L.S. and Rivera, J.A. (2016). Adherence to dietary recommendations for food group intakes is low in the Mexican population. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(9), pp.1897S–1906S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.219626
Beasley, J.M., Deierlein, A.L., Morland, K.B., Granieri, E.C. and Spark, A. (2016). Is meeting the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for protein related to body composition among older adults? The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 20(8), pp.790–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-015-0707-5
Beer, A.C. and Southgate, P.C. (2006). Spat collection, growth and meat yield of Pinna bicolor in suspended culture in northern Australia. Aquaculture, 258(1), pp.424–429.
Berger, S., Raman, G., Vishwanathan, R., Jacques, P.F. and Johnson, E.J. (2015). Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 102(2), pp.276–294. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.100305
Blomain, E.S., Dirhan, D.A., Valentino, M.A., Kim, G.W. and Waldman, S.A. (2013). Mechanisms of weight regain following weight loss. ISRN Obesity, 2013, pp.1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/210524
Bogaerts, A., Delecluse, C., Claessens, A.L., Coudyzer, W., Boonen, S. and Verschueren, S.M.P. (2007). Impact of whole-body vibration training versus fitness training on muscle strength and muscle mass in older men: a 1-year randomized controlled trial. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 62A(6), pp.630–635.
Bossingham, J.M., Carnell, S.N. and Campbell, W.W. (2005). Water balance, hydration status, and fat-free mass hydration in younger and older adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 81(6), pp.1342–1350.
Boyle, M.A. (2019). Personal nutrition. Australia: Cengage.
Bullo, M., Lamuela-Raventos, R. and Salas-Salvado, J. (2011). Mediterranean diet and oxidation: nuts and olive oil as important sources of fat and antioxidants. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry, 11(14), pp.1797–1810. https://doi.org/10.2174/156802611796235062
Burlingame, B., Nishida, C., Uauy, R. and Weisell, R. (2009). Fats and fatty acids in human nutrition: introduction. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 55(1–3), pp.5–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000228993
Cao, Y., Mauger, D.T., Pelkman, C.L., Zhao, G., Townsend, S.M. and Kris-Etherton, P.M. (2009). Effects of moderate (MF) versus lower fat (LF) diets on lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of clinical trials in subjects with and without diabetes. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 3(1), pp. 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2008.12.008
Capra, S. (2006). New nutrient reference values for Australia and New Zealand: implementation issues for nutrition professionals. Nutrition & Dietetics, 63(2), pp. 64–66. Available at: https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A148138190 (Accessed: 19 October 2022).
Carey, V.J., Walters, E.E., Colditz, G.A., Solomon, C.G., Willett, W.C., Rosner, B.A., Speizer, F.E. and Manson, J.E. (1997). Body fat distribution and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women: The Nurses’ Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 145(7), pp. 614–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009158
Carson, J.A.S., Lichtenstein, A.H., Anderson, C.A.M., Appel, L.J., Kris-Etherton, P.M., Meyer, K.A., Petersen, K., Polonsky, T. and Van Horn, L. (2020). Dietary cholesterol and cardiovascular risk: A science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 141(3). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743
Carter, M.C., Burley, V.J., Nykjaer, C. and Cade, J.E. (2013). Adherence to a smartphone application for weight loss compared to website and paper diary: Pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 15(4), e32. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.2283
Cartwright Warde, M., Ho, K.H., Matt, E., Mock, N., Luz, J. and Witzke, K.A. (2021). Energy expenditure during whole body vibration. International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings, 8(9), Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/ijesab/vol8/iss9/6
Celis-Morales, C., Livingstone, K.M., Marsaux, C.F.M., Macready, A.L., Fallaize, R., O’Donovan, C.B., Woolhead, C., Forster, H., Walsh, M.C., Navas-Carretero, S., San-Cristobal, R., Tsirigoti, L., Lambrinou, C.P., Mavrogianni, C., Moschonis, G., Kolossa, S., Hallmann, J., Godlewska, M., Surwillo, A. and Traczyk, I. (2017). Effect of personalised nutrition on health-related behaviour change: Evidence from the Food4Me European randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46(2), pp. 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyw186
Charrondière, U.R. and Burlingame, B. (2011). Report on the FAO/INFOODS compilation tool: A simple system to manage food composition data. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(4–5), pp. 711–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.006
Chernoff, R. (2009). Meeting the nutritional needs of the elderly in the institutional setting. Nutrition Reviews, 52(4), pp. 132–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1994.tb01405.x
Cho, S.S., Qi, L., Fahey, G.C. and Klurfeld, D.M. (2013). Consumption of cereal fiber, mixtures of whole grains and bran, and whole grains and risk reduction in type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 98(2), pp. 594–619. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.067629
Coelho-Júnior, H.J., Marques, F.L., Sousa, C.V., Marzetti, E. and Aguiar, S.S. (2024). Age- and sex-specific normative values for muscle mass parameters in 18,625 Brazilian adults. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1287994. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1287994
Cohen, J.L., Segal, K.R., Witriol, I. and McArdle, W.D. (1982). Cardiorespiratory responses to ballet exercise and the V̇O₂max of elite ballet dancers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14(3), pp. 212–217.
Conger, S.A., Herrmann, S.D., Willis, E.A., Nightingale, T.E., Sherman, J.R. and Ainsworth, B.E. (2024). Wheelchair Compendium of Physical Activities: An update of activity codes and energy expenditure values. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13, pp. 18–23.
Council, N.R. (1989). Recommended Dietary Allowances (10th ed.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at: https://books.google.gr/books?id=gYaJq2S6Ud0C (Accessed: 18 October 2022).
Crook, M.A., Hally, V. and Panteli, J.V. (2001). The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition, 17(7–8), pp. 632–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00542-1
Dansinger, M.L., Gleason, J.A., Griffith, J.L., Selker, H.P. and Schaefer, E.J. (2005). Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 25(3), pp. 184–185. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200505000-00012
Danuyanti, I.G.A.N. and Fahrurrozi, Z.S.A. (2022). Dietary fiber and dyslipidemia. In: IntechOpen. Available at: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77526
Deutz, N.E.P., Bauer, J.M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Krznariç, Z., Nair, K.S., Singer, P., Teta, D., Tipton, K. and Calder, P.C. (2014). Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging. Clinical Nutrition, 33(6), pp. 929–936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2014.04.007
Dias, C.B., Garg, R., Wood, L.G. and Garg, M.L. (2014). Saturated fat consumption may not be the main cause of increased blood lipid levels. Medical Hypotheses, 82(2), pp. 187–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.036
Dickerson, R.N., Patel, J.J. and McClain, C.J. (2017). Protein and calorie requirements associated with the presence of obesity. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 32(1_suppl), pp. 86S–93S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533617691745
Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2005). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom (1991). Reports on Health and Social Subjects, 41, pp. 1–210. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1961974/ (Accessed: 27 October 2020).
DiNicolantonio, J.J. and O’Keefe, J.H. (2018). Effects of dietary fats on blood lipids: A review of direct comparison trials. Open Heart, 5(2), e000871. https://doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2018-000871
Drummond, S., Crombie, N., Cursiter, M. and Kirk, T. (1998). Evidence that eating frequency is inversely related to body weight status in male, but not female, non-obese adults reporting valid dietary intakes. International Journal of Obesity, 22(2), pp. 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0800552
Dubois, L., Girard, M., Potvin Kent, M., Farmer, A. and Tatone-Tokuda, F. (2009). Breakfast skipping is associated with differences in meal patterns, macronutrient intakes and overweight among pre-school children. Public Health Nutrition, 12(1), pp. 19–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980008001894
Ebbeling, C.B., Swain, J.F., Feldman, H.A., Wong, W.W., Hachey, D.L., Garcia-Lago, E. and Ludwig, D.S. (2012). Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA, 307(24), pp. 2627–2634. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.6607
Enríquez Guerrero, A., San Mauro Martín, I., Garicano Vilar, E. and Camina Martín, M.A. (2020). Effectiveness of an intermittent fasting diet versus continuous energy restriction on anthropometric measurements, body composition and lipid profile in overweight and obese adults: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-020-00821-1
EPA and FDA (2004). What you need to know about mercury in fish and shellfish. Available at: https://images.procon.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/35/what_you_need_to_know_about_mercury_in_fish_and_shellfish.pdf (Accessed: 13 October 2022).
Esposito, K., Marfella, R., Ciotola, M., Di Palo, C., Giugliano, F., Giugliano, G., D’Armiento, M., D’Andrea, F. and Giugliano, D. (2004). Effect of a Mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome. JAMA, 292(12), p. 1440. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1440
European Commission (2020). Study on front-of-pack nutrition labelling schemes. Brussels: Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety. Available at: https://health.ec.europa.eu (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2010). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. EFSA Journal, 8(3), 1461. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461
Evangelista, A.L., Pozzi, M.L.B., Santos, L.M., Barros, B.M., Souza, C.R., Reis, V.M. and Bocalini, D.S. (2021). Energy expenditure in HIIT whole body associated with electromyostimulation physiology. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte, 27(6).
Fogelholm, M. (2013). New Nordic Nutrition Recommendations are here. Food & Nutrition Research, 57(1), 22903. https://doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v57i0.22903
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2017). Human energy requirements. Available at: https://www.fao.org/3/y5686e/y5686e0a.htm (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
Food and Nutrition Board (2006). Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Frisancho, A.R. (1984). New standards of weight and body composition by frame size and height for assessment of nutritional status of adults and the elderly. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 40(4), pp. 808–819. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/40.4.808
Gallagher, D., Heymsfield, S.B., Heo, M., Jebb, S.A., Murgatroyd, P.R. and Sakamoto, Y. (2000). Healthy percentage body fat ranges: An approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(3), pp. 694–701.
Gardiner, P.M., Nelson, L., Shellhaas, C.S., Dunlop, A.L., Long, R., Andrist, S. and Jack, B.W. (2008). The clinical content of preconception care: Nutrition and dietary supplements. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 199(6), pp. S345–S356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2008.10.049
Gerrior, S., Juan, W. and Basiotis, P. (2019). An easy approach to calculating estimated energy requirements. Preventing Chronic Disease, 3(4), A129. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1784117/
Gill, S. and Panda, S. (2015). A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell Metabolism, 22(5), pp. 789–798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005
Goode, H. and Cooper, J.B. (1976). Chicken skin as a snack. Poultry Science, 55(3), pp. 1127–1129. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0551127
Grant, A. and DeHoog, S. (1991). Nutritional assessment and support. Available at: https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US9181384 (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
Grant, A. and DeHoog, S. (1999). Nutrition assessment support and management (5th ed.).
Grant, J.P., Custer, P.B. and Thurlow, J. (1981). Current techniques of nutritional assessment. Surgical Clinics of North America, 61(3), pp. 437–463. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(16)42430-8
Hall, K.S., Hyde, E.T., Bassett, D.R., Carlson, S.A., Carnethon, M.R., Ekelund, U., Evenson, K.R., Galuska, D.A., Kraus, W.E., Lee, I.M., Matthews, C.E., Omura, J.D., Paluch, A.E., Thomas, W.I. and Fulton, J.E. (2020). Systematic review of the prospective association of daily step counts with risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, and dysglycemia. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17, 78.
Hall, K.D., Farooqi, I.S., Friedman, J.M., Klein, S., Loos, R.J.F., Mangelsdorf, D.J., O’Rahilly, S., Ravussin, E., Redman, L.M., Ryan, D.H., Speakman, J.R. and Tobias, D.K. (2022). The energy balance model of obesity: Beyond calories in, calories out. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115(5). https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac031
Harvard University (2019). Healthy eating plate. The Nutrition Source. Available at: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-eating-plate/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
Hauptmann, H., Leipold, N., Madenach, M., Wintergerst, M., Lurz, M., Groh, G., Böhm, M., Gedrich, K. and Krcmar, H. (2021). Effects and challenges of using a nutrition assistance system: Results of a long-term mixed-method study. User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11257-021-09301-y
Helgadottir, H., Thorisdottir, B., Gunnarsdottir, I., Halldorsson, T.I., Palsson, G. and Thorsdottir, I. (2022). Lower intake of saturated fatty acids is associated with improved lipid profile in a 6-year-old nationally representative population. Nutrients, 14(3), 671. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030671
Herrmann, S.D., Willis, E.A. and Ainsworth, B.E. (2024). The 2024 Compendium of Physical Activities and its expansion. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13, pp. 1–2.
Herrmann, S.D., Willis, E.A., Ainsworth, B.E. et al. (2024). Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: A third update of the energy costs of human activities. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 13, pp. 6–12.
Hudson, J.L., Wang, Y., Bergia III, R.E. and Campbell, W.W. (2019). Protein intake greater than the RDA differentially influences whole-body lean mass responses to purposeful catabolic and anabolic stressors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition, 11(3), pp. 548–558. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz106
Hutchison, A.T. and Heilbronn, L.K. (2016). Metabolic impacts of altering meal frequency and timing – Does when we eat matter? Biochimie, 124, pp. 187–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.025
Institute of Medicine (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids
Institute of Medicine (2004). Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at: https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10925/dietary-reference-intakes-for-water-potassium-sodium-chloride-and-sulfate (Accessed: 13 April 2022).
Institute of Medicine (2005). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Institute of Medicine (2005). Dietary reference intakes for water, potassium, sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Institute of Medicine (2006). Dietary reference intakes: The essential guide to nutrient requirements. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Available at: http://nap.nationalacademies.org/11537
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Child and Adult Care Food Program Meal Requirements, Murphy, S.P., Yaktine, A.L. and Suitor, C.W. (2011). Child and adult care food program: Aligning dietary guidance for all. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Jäger, R., Kerksick, C.M., Campbell, B.I., Cribb, P.J., Wells, S.D., Skwiat, T.M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T.N., Ferrando, A.A., Arent, S.M., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R., Arciero, P.J., Ormsbee, M.J., Taylor, L.W., Wilborn, C.D., Kalman, D.S., Kreider, R.B., Willoughby, D.S. and Hoffman, J.R. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: Protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8
James, B.L., Loken, E., Roe, L.S., Myrissa, K., Lawton, C.L., Dye, L. and Rolls, B.J. (2018). Validation of the Diet Satisfaction Questionnaire: A new measure of satisfaction with diets for weight management. Obesity Science & Practice, 4(6), pp. 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.299
Janssen, I., Heymsfield, S.B., Wang, Z. and Ross, R. (2000). Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18–88 years. Journal of Applied Physiology, 89(1), pp. 81–88.
Jetté, M., Sidney, K. and Blümchen, G. (1990). Metabolic equivalents (METs) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity. Clinical Cardiology, 13(8), pp. 555–565. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960130809
Joint World Health Organization / Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations / United Nations University Expert Consultation (2007). Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. WHO Technical Report Series, No. 935, pp. 1–265. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18330140/
Jospe, M.R., Haszard, J.J., Taylor, R.W. and Freedhoff, Y. (2019). A tool for assessing the satisfaction of a diet: Development and preliminary validation of the Diet Satisfaction Score. Nutrition & Dietetics. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12591
Julia, C. and Hercberg, S. (2017). Development of a new front-of-pack nutrition label in France: The five-colour Nutri-Score. Public Health Panorama, 3(4), pp. 712–725.
Kaiser, L.L. and Allen, L. (2002). Position of the American Dietetic Association. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(10), pp. 1479–1490. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90327-5
Kemmler, W., von Stengel, S., Schwarz, J. and Mayhew, J.L. (2012). Effect of whole-body electromyostimulation on energy expenditure during exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 26(1), pp. 240–245. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31821a3a11
Kessler, D.A., Mande, J.R., Scarbrough, F.E., Schapiro, R. and Feiden, K. (2003). Developing the “Nutrition Facts” food label. Nutrition and Public Health, 4(2), pp. 13–16.
Keytel, L.R., Goedecke, J.H., Noakes, T.D., Hiiloskorpi, H., Laukkanen, R., van der Merwe, L. and Lambert, E.V. (2005). Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 23(3), pp. 289–297. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410470001730089
Knoops, K.T.B., de Groot, L.C.P.G.M., Kromhout, D., Perrin, A.-E., Moreiras-Varela, O., Menotti, A. and van Staveren, W.A. (2004). Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: The HALE project. JAMA, 292(12), pp. 1433–1439. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.12.1433
Kökten, T., Hansmannel, F., Ndiaye, N.C., Heba, A.-C., Quilliot, D., Dreumont, N., Arnone, D. and Peyrin-Biroulet, L. (2021). Calorie restriction as a new treatment of inflammatory diseases. Advances in Nutrition, 12(4), pp. 1558–1570. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa179
Lee, I.M., Shiroma, E.J., Kamada, M., Bassett, D.R., Matthews, C.E. and Buring, J.E. (2019). Association of step volume and intensity with all-cause mortality in older women. JAMA Internal Medicine, 179, pp. 1105–1112.
Lejeune, M.P.G.M., Kovacs, E.M.R. and Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. (2005). Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. British Journal of Nutrition, 93(2), pp. 281–289. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041305
Levine, J.A. (2005). Measurement of energy expenditure. Public Health Nutrition, 8(7A). https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005800
Li, S., Shin, H.J., Ding, E.L. and van Dam, R.M. (2009). Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes. JAMA, 302(2), p. 179. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.976
Li, Y., Chen, H. and Zhang, X. (2023). Cultivation, nutritional value, bioactive compounds of morels, and their health benefits: A systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1159029
Lichtenstein, A.H., Appel, L.J., Vadiveloo, M., Hu, F.B., Kris-Etherton, P.M., Rebholz, C.M., Sacks, F.M., Thorndike, A.N., Van Horn, L. and Wylie-Rosett, J. (2021). 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 144(23). https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001031
Liu, D., Huang, Y., Huang, C., Yang, S., Wei, X., Zhang, P., Guo, D., Lin, J., Xu, B., Li, C., He, H., He, J., Liu, S., Shi, L., Xue, Y. and Zhang, H. (2022). Calorie restriction with or without time-restricted eating in weight loss. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(16), pp. 1495–1504. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2114833
Livesey, G. (1987). Energy and protein requirements: The 1985 report of the 1981 Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Nutrition Bulletin, 12(3), pp. 138–149.
Livingstone, K.M., Celis-Morales, C., Navas-Carretero, S., San-Cristobal, R., Forster, H., Woolhead, C., O’Donovan, C.B., Moschonis, G., Manios, Y., Traczyk, I., Gundersen, T.E., Drevon, C.A., Marsaux, C.F.M., Fallaize, R., Macready, A.L., Daniel, H., Saris, W.H.M., Lovegrove, J.A., Gibney, M. and Gibney, E.R. (2020). Characteristics of participants who benefit most from personalised nutrition: Findings from the pan-European Food4Me randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition, 123(12), pp. 1396–1405. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520000653
Lyon, C., Lyon, B. and Hudspeth, J. (1973). The effect of different cutting procedures on the cooked yield and tenderness of cut-up broiler parts. Poultry Science, 52(3), pp. 1103–1111. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0521103
Mahan, L.K. and Stump, E.S. (2000). Krause's food, nutrition & diet therapy. 10th edn. Saunders Company.
Manios, G., Basilakou, T., Yiannakoulia, M., Faratzian, P. and Xanthopoulos, D. (2004). Nutritional evaluation (in Greek). Athens: Harokopio University Editions.
Manios, I., Moschonis, G., Androutsos, O., Mavrogianni, C. and Malakou, E. (2022). Obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases: causes, consequences and solutions. Athens: Dianeosis – Research and Policy Institute.
Mann, J., Cummings, J.H., Englyst, H.N., Key, T., Liu, S., Riccardi, G., Summerbell, C., Uauy, R., van Dam, R.M., Venn, B., Vorster, H.H. and Wiseman, M. (2007). FAO/WHO scientific update on carbohydrates in human nutrition: Conclusions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61(S1), pp.S132–S137. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602943
Maston, Gibson, Kahlaee, Franklin, Manson, Sainsbury and Markovic (2019). Effectiveness and characterization of severely energy-restricted diets in people with class III obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Behavioral Sciences, 9(12), p.144. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9120144
McGuire, S. (2016). Scientific report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Advances in Nutrition, 7(1), pp.202–204. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.011684
Medeiros, D.M. (2007). Dietary Reference Intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(3), p.924. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.3.924
Mehanna, H.M., Moledina, J. and Travis, J. (2008). Refeeding syndrome: what it is, and how to prevent and treat it. BMJ, 336(7659), pp.1495–1498. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a301
Mifflin, M.D., St Jeor, S.T., Hill, L.A., Scott, B.J., Daugherty, S.A. and Koh, Y.O. (1990). A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51(2), pp.241–247.
Milanese, C., Cavedon, V., Sandri, M., Tam, E., Piscitelli, F. and Boschi, F. (2018). Metabolic effect of bodyweight whole-body vibration in a 20-min exercise session: A crossover study using verified vibration stimulus. PLoS ONE, 13(1), e0192046. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192046
Most, J. and Redman, L.M. (2020). Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Experimental Gerontology, 133, 110875. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875
Most, J., Tosti, V., Redman, L.M. and Fontana, L. (2017). Calorie restriction in humans: An update. Ageing Research Reviews, 39, pp.36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.005
Mota, J., Fidalgo, F., Silva, R., Ribeiro, J.C., Santos, R., Carvalho, J. and Santos, M.P. (2008). Relationships between physical activity, obesity and meal frequency in adolescents. Annals of Human Biology, 35(1), pp.1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460701779617
MSD Manual Professional Edition (n.d.). Search results for: Recommended Dietary Reference Intakes. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/SearchResults?query=Recommended+Dietary+Reference+Intakes (Accessed: 17 October 2022).
Muth, N.D. (2009). What are the guidelines for percentage of body fat loss. American Council on Exercise (ACE). Available at: https://www.acefitness.org/education-and-resources/lifestyle/blog/112/what-are-the-guidelines-for-percentage-of-body-fat-loss/ (Accessed: 20 September 2024).
National Dietary Guidelines for Adults (2014). National dietary guidelines for adults. Institute of Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine.
National Dietary Guidelines for Individuals Aged 65 Years and Older (2014). National dietary guidelines for individuals aged 65 years and older. Institute of Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine.
National Dietary Guidelines for Women, Pregnant Women and Breastfeeding Mothers (2014). National dietary guidelines for women, pregnant women and breastfeeding mothers. Institute of Preventive, Environmental and Occupational Medicine.
National Health and Medical Research Council (2014). Eat for health: Australian dietary guidelines – summary. Canberra: NHMRC.
National Institute of Public Health (Poland), Mekus, M. (2022). More often doesn’t mean more: The meaning of consuming meals regularly. Available at: [online source] (Accessed: 28 January 2022).
National Institutes of Health (2006). Facts about healthy weight. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/sites/default/files/publications/06-5830.pdf
National Research Council (U.S.), Subcommittee on the Tenth Edition of the RDAs (1989). Recommended dietary allowances. 10th edn. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
NEMO Nutrition Support (2014). Using body mass index. Queensland Health. Available at: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0031/147937/hphe_usingbmi.pdf
NHS (2020). How to read food labels. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/how-to-read-food-labels/ (Accessed: 6 August 2025).
Nieman, D.C. (2009). ‘Physical activity is a confounding factor of the relation between eating frequency and body composition’, Yearbook of Sports Medicine, 2009, pp. 135–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0162-0908(09)79451-6
Nordic Co-operation (2012). Nordic nutrition recommendations: Integrating nutrition and physical activity.
Nordmann, A.J., Nordmann, A., Briel, M., Keller, U., Yancy, W.S., Brehm, B.J. and Bucher, H.C. (2006). ‘Effects of low-carbohydrate vs low-fat diets on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factors’, Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(3), p. 285. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.3.285
Nutrition and Athletic Performance (2009). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(12), pp. 2130–2145. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200012000-00025
Nutrition and Athletic Performance (2017). Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(1), p. 222. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001162
O’Keefe, J.H., Gheewala, N.M. and O’Keefe, J.O. (2008). ‘Dietary strategies for improving post-prandial glucose, lipids, inflammation, and cardiovascular health’, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(3), pp. 249–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.016
Olafsdottir, A.S., Thorsdottir, I., Gunnarsdottir, I., Thorgeirsdottir, H. and Steingrimsdottir, L. (2006). ‘Comparison of women’s diet assessed by FFQs and 24-hour recalls with and without underreporters: Associations with biomarkers’, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 50(5), pp. 450–460. https://doi.org/10.1159/000094781
Palmer, M.A., Capra, S. and Baines, S.K. (2009). Association between eating frequency, weight, and health. Nutrition Reviews, 67(7), pp.379–390. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00204.x
Paluch, A.E., Bajpai, S., Bassett, D.R., Carnethon, M.R., Ekelund, U., Evenson, K.R., Galuska, D.A., Jefferis, B.J., Kraus, W.E., Lee, I.M., Matthews, C.E., Omura, J.D., Patel, A.V., Pieper, C.F., Rees-Punia, E., Dallmeier, D., Klenk, J., Whincup, P.H., Dooley, E.E., Gabriel, K.P., Palta, P., Pompeii, L.A., Chernofsky, A., Larson, M.G., Vasan, R.S., Spartano, N., Ballin, M., Nordström, P., Nordström, A., Anderssen, S.A., Bjørge, T., Hansen, B.H., Cochrane, J.A., Dwyer, T., Wang, J., Ferrucci, L., Liu, F., Schrack, J., Urbanek, J., Saint-Maurice, P.F., Yamamoto, N., Yoshitake, Y., Newton, R.L., Yang, S., Shiroma, E.J. and Fulton, J.E. (2022). Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts. The Lancet Public Health, 7(3), pp.e219–e228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9
Paluch, A.E., Gabriel, K.P., Fulton, J.E., Lewis, C.E., Schreiner, P.J., Sternfeld, B., Sidney, S., Siddique, J. and Carnethon, M.R. (2021). Steps per day and all-cause mortality in middle-aged adults in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2124516. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24516
Papadaki, A., Wood, L., Sebire, S.J. and Jago, R. (2015). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet among employees in South West England: Formative research to inform a web-based, workplace nutrition intervention. Preventive Medicine Reports, 2, pp.223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.03.009
Patterson, K.Y., Trainer, D., Holden, J.M., Howe, J.C., Buege, D.R., Williams, J.R., Snyder, C., Boillot, K., Lofgren, P., Thompson, L., Luna, A. and Douglass, L.W. (2009). USDA Nutrient Data Set for Fresh Pork (From SR), Release 2.0. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Peterson, C.M., Thomas, D.M., Blackburn, G.L. and Heymsfield, S.B. (2016). Universal equation for estimating ideal body weight and body weight at any BMI. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(5), pp.1197–1203. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.121178
Phillips, S.M. and Van Loon, L.J.C. (2011). Dietary protein for athletes: From requirements to optimum adaptation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(sup1), pp.S29–S38. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.619204
Public Health England (2011). SACN Dietary Reference Values for Energy. London: GOV.UK. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-dietary-reference-values-for-energy
Puwastien, P. (2002). Issues in the development and use of food composition databases. Public Health Nutrition, 5(6a), pp.991–999. https://doi.org/10.1079/phn2002386
Redman, L.M. and Ravussin, E. (2011). Caloric restriction in humans: impact on physiological, psychological, and behavioral outcomes. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 14(2), pp. 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2010.3253
Rhoads, T.W. and Anderson, R.M. (2022). Caloric restriction has a new player. Science, 375(6581), pp. 620–621. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn6576
Richter, M., Baerlocher, K., Bauer, J.M., Elmadfa, I., Heseker, H., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Stangl, G., Volkert, D. and Stehle, P. (2019). Revised reference values for the intake of protein. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism, 74(3), pp. 242–250. https://doi.org/10.1159/000499374
Riserus, U., Willett, W. and Hu, F. (2009). Dietary fats and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Progress in Lipid Research, 48(1), pp. 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2008.10.002
Roberto, C.A. and Khandpur, N. (2014). Improving the design of nutrition labels to promote healthier food choices and reasonable portion sizes. International Journal of Obesity, 38(Suppl 1), pp. S25–S33. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.86
Rolfes, S.R., Pinna, K. and Whitney, E.N. (2006). Understanding normal and clinical nutrition (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.
Roseland, J.M., Nguyen, Q.V., Williams, J.R. and Patterson, K.Y. (2013). USDA nutrient data set for retail beef cuts from SR, Release 3.0. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Roseland, J.M., Nguyen, Q.V., Williams, J.R., Patterson, K.Y., Woerner, D.R. and Douglass, L.W. (2014). USDA nutrient data set for retail veal cuts from the USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference (SR). Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Roseland, J.M., Nguyen, Q.V., Williams, J.R., Patterson, K.Y., Woerner, D.R. and Gifford, C.L. (2017). USDA nutrient data set for retail lamb cuts for the USDA Food Composition Database, Release 3.0. Nutrient Data Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Santé Publique France (2022). Nutri-Score: A public health nutrition label. [online] Santé Publique France. Available at: https://www.santepubliquefrance.fr [Accessed 6 Aug. 2025].
Schutz, Y., Weinsier, R.L. and Hunter, G.R. (2001). Assessment of Free-Living Physical Activity in Humans: An Overview of Currently Available and Proposed New Measures. Obesity Research, 9(6), pp.368–379. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.48.
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for carbohydrates and dietary fibre. (2010). EFSA Journal, 8(3). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1462.
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. (2013). EFSA Journal, 11(1), p.3005. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3005.
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fats, including saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids, and cholesterol. (2010). EFSA Journal, 8(3). doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1461.
Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for protein. (2012). EFSA Journal, 10(2), p.2557. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2557.
Shai, I., Schwarzfuchs, D., Henkin, Y., Shahar, D.R., Witkow, S., Greenberg, I., Golan, R., Fraser, D., Bolotin, A., Vardi, H., Tangi-Rozental, O., Zuk-Ramot, R., Sarusi, B., Brickner, D., Schwartz, Z., Sheiner, E., Marko, R., Katorza, E., Thiery, J. and Fiedler, G.M. (2008). Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359(3), pp.229–241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0708681.
Shils, M.E., Olson, J.A., Shike, M. and Ross, A.C. (1999). Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 9th Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Somaya, M.T., Abdel Razek, F.A., Khafage, A.R., Omar, H.A. and El-Deeb, R.S. (2018). Biometric variables and relative growth of the date mussel Lithophaga lithophaga (L., 1758) (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries, 22(5), pp.241–248.
Spadaro, O., Youm, Y., Shchukina, I., Ryu, S., Sidorov, S., Ravussin, A., Nguyen, K., Aladyeva, E., Predeus, A.N., Smith, S.R., Ravussin, E., Galban, C., Artyomov, M.N. and Dixit, V.D. (2022). Caloric restriction in humans reveals immunometabolic regulators of health span. Science, 375(6581), pp.671–677. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg7292.
Specht, S.M., Faustman, C., Bendel, R.B., Malkus, L.A., Kinsman, D.M. and Sison, C. (1994). Carcass composition of "Bob" and "Special-Fed" veal and its prediction. Journal of Animal Science, 72, pp.2635–2641.
Stallings, V.A., Harrison, M., Oria, M., National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.). Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Stokes, T., Hector, A., Morton, R., McGlory, C. and Phillips, S. (2018). Recent Perspectives Regarding the Role of Dietary Protein for the Promotion of Muscle Hypertrophy with Resistance Exercise Training. Nutrients, 10(2), p.180. doi:10.3390/nu10020180.
The Practical Guide Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative. (2000). [online] Available at: https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/guidelines/prctgd_c.pdf.
Toobert, D.J., Glasgow, R.E., Strycker, L.A., Barrera, M., Radcliffe, J.L., Wander, R.C. and Bagdade, J.D. (2003). Biologic and Quality-of-Life Outcomes From the Mediterranean Lifestyle Program: A randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care, 26(8), pp.2288–2293. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.8.2288.
Truby, H., Baic, S., deLooy, A., Fox, K.R., Livingstone, M.B.E., Logan, C.M., Macdonald, I.A., Morgan, L.M., Taylor, M.A. and Millward, D.J. (2006). Randomised controlled trial of four commercial weight loss programmes in the UK: initial findings from the BBC ‘diet trials’. BMJ, [online] 332(7553), pp.1309–1314. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38833.411204.80.
Tudor-Locke, C. and Bassett, D.R. (2004). How Many Steps/Day Are Enough? Sports Medicine, 34(1), pp.1–8. doi:10.2165/00007256-200434010-00001.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services & U.S. Department of Agriculture (2026) Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025–2030. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Publishing Office. Available at: realfood.gov.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2021. Protein: A Closer Look (Interactive Nutrition Facts Label). [pdf] Available at: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/InteractiveNutritionFactsLabel/assets/InteractiveNFL_Protein_October2021.pdf [Accessed 10 Aug. 2025].
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2023. Daily Value and Percent Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. [pdf] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/NutritionFactsLabel [Accessed 7 Aug. 2025].
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2024. Daily Value and Percent Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels. [online] Available at: https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels [Accessed 10 Aug. 2025].
UK Food Standards Agency (FSA), 2016. Guide to creating a front of pack (FoP) nutrition label for pre-packed products sold through retail outlets. [online] Food Standards Agency. Available at: https://www.food.gov.uk/ [Accessed 6 Aug. 2025].
United States Department of Agriculture, 2020. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020–2025 Make Every Bite Count With the Dietary Guidelines. [online] Available at: https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/Dietary_Guidelines_for_Americans-2020-2025.pdf.
United States Department of Agriculture and United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2020. Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2020–2025. 9th Edition.
Visseren, F.L.J., Mach, F., Smulders, Y.M., Carballo, D., Koskinas, K.C., Bäck, M., Benetos, A., Biffi, A., Boavida, J.-M., Capodanno, D., Cosyns, B., Crawford, C., Davos, C.H., Desormais, I., Di Angelantonio, E., Franco, O.H., Halvorsen, S., Hobbs, F.D.R., Hollander, M. and Jankowska, E.A. (2021). 2021 ESC Guidelines on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European Heart Journal, 42(34), pp.3227–3337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab484.
Volpi, E., Mittendorfer, B., Rasmussen, B.B. and Wolfe, R.R. (2000). The Response of Muscle Protein Anabolism to Combined Hyperaminoacidemia and Glucose-Induced Hyperinsulinemia Is Impaired in the Elderly. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(12), pp.4481–4490. doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7021.
Wang, W., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Luo, B., Lin, Z., Chen, K. and Liu, Y. (2023). Dietary patterns and cardiometabolic health: Clinical evidence and mechanism. MedComm, [online] 4(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.212.
Wenstrom, K.D. (2014). The FDA’s new advice on fish: it’s complicated. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 211(5), pp.475-478.e1. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2014.07.048.
Whitney, E.N., Catalco, C.B., and Rolfes, S.R. (1998). Understanding normal and clinical nutrition. 5th Edition. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Willis EA, Herrmann SD, Hastert M, et al. Older Adult Compendium of Physical Activities: Energy costs of human activities in adults aged 60 and older. J Sport Health Sci 2024;13:13 7.
Winter, J.E., MacInnis, R.J., Wattanapenpaiboon, N. and Nowson, C.A. (2014). BMI and all-cause mortality in older adults: a meta-analysis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, [online] 99(4), pp.875–890. doi:https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.068122.
World Health Organisation (2010). A healthy lifestyle - WHO recommendations. [online] www.who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations.
World Health Organization (2015). Guidelines: Sugar intake for adults and children. Geneva. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/149782/9789241549028_eng.pdf?sequence=1.
World Health Organization. Nutrition For Health And Development (2015). Guideline : sugars intake for adults and children. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization/Food and Argicalture Organization of the United Nations/United Nations University. (2001). Human energy requirements: Report of a Joint. Expert Consultion. Rome
Wu, G. (2016). Dietary protein intake and human health. Food & Function, 7(3), pp.1251–1265. doi:10.1039/c5fo01530h.
www.fns.usda.gov. (n.d.). 2015 USDA Food Patterns Resource: Nutrients in Healthy US-Style Food Pattern: Nutrients in the Pattern at each calorie level and comparison of nutrient content to the nutritional goals for that Pattern | Food and Nutrition Service. [online] Available at: https://www.fns.usda.gov/2015-usda-food-patterns-resource-nutrients-healthy-us-style-food-pattern-nutrients-pattern-each
Yannakoulia, M., Melistas, L., Solomou, E. and Yiannakouris, N. (2007). Association of Eating Frequency with Body Fatness in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women. Obesity, 15(1), pp.100–106. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.503.
Zamora-Ros, R., Serafini, M., Estruch, R., Lamuela-Raventós, R.M., Martínez-González, M.A., Salas-Salvadó, J., Fiol, M., Lapetra, J., Arós, F., Covas, M.I. and Andres-Lacueva, C. (2013). Mediterranean diet and non enzymatic antioxidant capacity in the PREDIMED study: Evidence for a mechanism of antioxidant tuning. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 23(12), pp.1167–1174. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2012.12.008.
Zampelas, A. (2017) Nutrition across the stages of life. 2nd edn. Broken Hill: Broken Hill Publishers Ltd.
Zhao, D., Guallar, E., Woolf, T.B., Martin, L., Lehmann, H., Coughlin, J., Holzhauer, K., Goheer, A.A., McTigue, K.M., Lent, M.R., Hawkins, M., Clark, J.M. and Bennett, W.L. (2023). Association of eating and sleeping intervals with weight change over time: The daily24 cohort. Journal of the American Heart Association, 12(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.122.026484.
Zhao, J., Duan, X., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Yang, J., Sun, N. and Zhao, W. (2024). Comparative efficacy of energy‐restricted dietary interventions in overweight and obese populations: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis. Nursing & Health Sciences, 26(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.13083.
